Military chaplains were commonplace in the armies of the North and South, particularly of the Protestant variety.  Warren B. Armstrong, in For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil War (1998), utilizes original documents (manuals, letters, diaries, reports, etc.) in arguing that the influence of Union chaplains extended beyond the realm of the spiritual as they advocated preservation of the Union, focused on slavery as the central issue of the war, and preached a pro-abolition message.[56]  James A. Fuller, in Chaplain to the Confederacy: Basil Manly and Baptist Life in the Old South (2000), examines the life of a prominent Southern Baptist, slave-owning minister and Old South apologist who served as a Confederate chaplain.[57]  Phillip T. Tucker, in The Confederacy’s Fighting Chaplain: Father John B. Bannon (1992), and William B. Faherty, in Exile in Erin: A Confederate Chaplain’s Story: The Life of Father John B. Bannon (2002), explore the influence of an Irish Catholic Confederate chaplain in Missouri who championed the cause of the South, influenced Irish perceptions of the Civil War, and served as a personal emissary from President Davis to Pope Pius IX.[58]  Looking through a broader lens, William E. Dickens, Jr., in Answering the Call: The Story of the U.S. Military Chaplaincy from the Revolution through the Civil War (1999), argues that the Civil War served to standardize the role and functions of military chaplains.[59]

            In addition, autobiographies of a number of Civil War chaplains have been republished in recent years.[60]